PREVALENCE OF BOVINE FASCIOLIASIS IN JALINGO TARABA STATE. BY Uzaifa adamu (Cert in poultry prod,ND in Anlmal health amd prod, HND in Animal health tech)zahiri adamu ABSTRACT The work was conducted in Jalingo local government Area was carried to determine the prevalence of bovine fascioliasis and suggest a possible was of Controlling, treatment and prevention of the disease. sixty (60 ) faecal sample were collected and Analysis using floatation method out of the Sample collected only six (6) were positive with the percentage of the ten (10). It is recomended that the government should provides drugs to the Farm was at the affordable price and embark on determine routinely 1.0 INTRODUCTION Fascioliasis is a parasitic disease which affect both, domestic and wild animals. The disease is caused by Fasciola gigantic in a tropical countries and fasciola hepatica in a temperate regions. Domestica ruminant like antelope, buffalos are also affected even human beings and pigs are not safe (Maun, 1989). Transmission of the disease is by water snail especially Lymnea species. Infection is through contaminated water and pasture that is when feaces of affected animals dropped in water or feed and happened to be consumed by any susceptible host. In cattle, fasciola manifest clinically by showing severe haemorrhages, emaciation, anorexia, submandibular edema (battle jaw) low milk production, weakness and death. While the acute form of the disease usually occur in goats, sheep and calves where it may cause sudden death without clinical sign (Anderson 1987). Fascioliasis can be diagnosed based on the clinical sign and laboratory, faecal examination of the affected animals can be taken for demonstration of lungs oval yellow operculate egg (Strivostave, 1985) usually prevented treatment are generally more preferable, however, some of the following drugs can be use for curative purpose, Nitrofurans 10mga /kg, Biotiomide 40% solution 7.5mg/kg, Diamphenetoide 100-150mg/kg, Ratovimade dexamide 5-5mg/kg, (Bordy, 1965). Observed, that losses can be minimized in different ways by treating infected animals three times yearly (Armour et, al, 1974). Snail control (the intermediate host) by the application of mulluscide eg. Morphine 0.25 ppm (%) solution mixed a powdered of Cus 4mg with a ration of 4.8ml use to spray 10-30kg per body weight is also advocated (Gibson, 1978). The economic important of the disease include the reduction of number of animals by sudden death due to liver contaminations, reduction in meat and milk production and reduce reproduction performance in animals. 1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVE The aims and objectives of this project is to determine the prevalence of bovine fascioliasis in Jalingo Local Government Area and also to find out the possible ways through which the disease could be controlled, treated and prevented. CHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW Rodotist et al (1992) state that fascioliasis is a parasitic infection which affects domestic and wild ruminants caused by a number of genus fasciola spp, and the disease is caused by a number of a general fasciola spp. Ajayi (1967), observed that fascioliasis is a parasitic disease primarily of ruminants such as cattle, sheep, goat and even human beings. Anthony (et al 1994) discovered that fascioliasis is an infection of the liver of grazing animals mainly ruminants with leaf shape, trematodes (flukes) fasciola hepatica and fasciola gigantica infection in man can also occur. Hall et al (2000), reported that the parasite is a large dersoventrally flattened, greenish in colour and shape at the interior end and they are mostly seen in bile ducts. 2.1 AETIOLOGY Andekya (1982), claimed that the disease is caused by fasciola hepatica which is worldwide in distribution and it is the common and important liver flukes, it also caused by fasciola gigantica which is more common in Africa, India, Southern part of United State of America and Europe. Bassis (1975) reported that in Canada, fasciola magna is widely distributed in United Kingdom (UK), the wild animal caused isolated outbreak of fascioliasis in cattle, sheep, and goats are particularly susceptible to infection with fasciola magna especially when they share pasture with them. Babalola (1976) observed that Fasciola spp which believed to occur in man and pigs as a reservour to susceptible animals such as cattle, sheep, goat and in some cases in wild animals has been reported. 2.2 MODE OF TRANSMISSION Babalola (1976) discovered that the transmission of the disease is by water snail especially lymnae; the infection is through contaminated water and pastures either when faeces of the affected animals drop into the water or feed, it happened to be consumed by any susceptible host, it can be transmitted easily through this ways. In addition to that fasciola is of economic importance only in cattle and sheep. 2.3 PATHOGENESIS Babalola (1979), stated that the acute and chronic fascioliasis are caused by different stages of fasciola hepatica which occur 5-6 weeks after the ingestion of large number of metercercariaed and due to the masses of the young flukes. 2.4 CLINICAL SIGNS Anderson (1994) observed that fascioliasis is manifested clinically in two (2) forms (acute and chronic). The chronic form manifested by showing severe haemorrhage, emaciation loss of appetite, submandibular edema (battle jaw) low milk production, dullness, weakness and death. The acute form, it usually occur in sheep, calves and goats and may caused sudden death without clinical signs. Furthermore, the acute form of fascioliasis occur as a result of escaping of immature flukes to the liver of sheep, after a syndrome of death without apparent abnormality. Borny (1967) reported that clinically in sheep, it is manifested by dullness, weakness, less appetite and pain when pressure is exerted over the area of the liver. In subacute, the major clinical sign include white and pilness of the mucusa membrane, submandibular edema and pilness of the mucusa over the period of weeks and standing of wool may occur. Blood (1979) reported that cattle also loss weight especially when there is added drain of lactation, milk production fall, anaemia and chronic diarrhea developed. 2.5 DIAGNOSIS Strivostriva (1995) discovered that fascioliasis can be diagnosed in the field based on the clinical signs, and laboratory faecal examination of the affected animal can be taken for the demonstration of lungs oval yellow operculated eggs flukes. Therefore, during post mortem, the liver when palpated, incised and the parasite will come out and that is compared to diseases that affected the liver e.g. tuberculosis. In case an area where liver flukes occur every case of chronic ill-health in sheep must be considered as possible case of fascioliasis. To diagnose, there should be flukes, eggs in the faces and hepatic. Rodostis (1994) observed that in area where fluke is present every adult will show the characteristic of necropsy lesions and it is necessary to estimate the severity of the lesions to determine whether or not they could be the main contributing factors to the ill-health or death of the animal. 2.6 TREATMENT Taicole, (1984), stated that the preventive treatment are generally preparable, however some of the following drugs can be use for curative purpose such as Brotionide 40% solution 7.5mg/kg, Bromosudden 150mg/ kg. Diamphenetoid 100-150mg/kg, Idofolon 300mg/kg, Nitrospenic 100mg/kg. Also Carbon Tetrachloride is still in use by many farmers to treat fascioliasis in sheep at the dose rate of 1mg/kg body weight intramuscular (1m). The animal should not be slaughtered for public consumption until after three weeks. Albendazole 250mg is given to cattle at dose rate of 8 bolus per 25kg body weight orally. Withdrawal period for meat is 14 and milk 24 hours. Hall (1985) observed that the mebendazole is modern drug which is used at 100mg/kg to reduce fasciola, burden by 94% in one experiment and at same. Another important drugs is Rafoxamide is efficient compound both in cattle and sheep, and will kill majority of flukes, other four weeks in sheep and over eight (8) weeks in cattle, it h